{"id":"W2915065822","doi":"10.1007/s40471-019-0180-5","title":"Immortal Time Bias in Epidemiology","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Current Epidemiology Reports","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; McGill University; Jewish General Hospital; McGill University Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Epidemiology; Context (archaeology); Pharmacoepidemiology; Medicine; Pathology; Biology; Pharmacology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01215511,0.0004216154,0.001993288,0.0002796561,0.00003987515,0.000002687373,0.0002649176,0.0004431649,0.0008145082],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04939776,0.0003577377,0.0002696693,0.0002663641,0.000262377,0.0001923282,0.0002299499,0.000905834,0.0004059419],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001756906,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009120487,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004167317,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001150321,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9930895,0.001800709,0.00284594,0.001042618,0.0001188248,0.001102436],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9830673,0.01374089,0.001625021,0.001275827,0.00009834069,0.0001926566],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001695948,0.0001441521,0.9096782,0.00009025387,0.00002508245,0.0001150919,0.00004727661,0.0001096059,0.0001951809,0.07310773,0.01087291,0.005597594],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001699315,0.0001138834,0.0295461,0.000173054,0.00002094796,0.0005490571,0.00001031223,0.001737739,0.0001069188,0.9596244,0.007542963,0.0004047446],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9761837,0.003175818,0.00989285,0.001076338,0.001954988,0.001293999,0.000007944757,0.0007526179,0.005661742],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9645037,0.0002900162,0.03290696,0.0005930429,0.0002461195,0.0002505842,0.0001089399,0.00008298358,0.001017663],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8865166,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998875,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4576666775312059,"score_gpt":0.5141528458328342,"score_spread":0.05648616830162823,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}