{"id":"W2921680063","doi":"10.1016/j.petrol.2019.03.015","title":"Influence of proppant fragmentation on fracture conductivity - Insights from three-dimensional discrete element modeling","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering","topic":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","field":"Engineering","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus; University of British Columbia","funders":"Mitacs","keywords":"Breakage; Comminution; Discrete element method; Conductivity; Materials science; Fracture (geology); Geotechnical engineering; Parametric statistics; Geology; Mechanics; Composite material; Metallurgy; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003196961,0.000361625,0.0004992071,0.0005576762,0.0004336464,0.001167303,0.0005198769,0.0008280677,0.001705723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002472306,0.0003205066,0.0004036785,0.0003538124,0.0009898338,0.0007676522,0.0007159024,0.0004789159,0.0002112822],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004596649,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005148244,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003465452,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002283763,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998347,0.00002918438,0.000009325558,0.00002861374,0.00005382418,0.0000443585],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992959,0.0004530944,0.00007264591,0.00005050949,0.00007955691,0.00004815891],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000184817,0.0001023116,0.006482874,0.00006431825,0.00002420437,0.00064822,0.0001140496,0.9543992,0.02552802,0.001749356,0.0001459663,0.01055669],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001136053,0.00004022162,0.003037137,0.000007313063,0.000009664113,0.00008645791,0.00005265446,0.9921644,0.003816698,0.0006486867,0.0001144358,0.00001085383],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9489008,0.000279472,0.04204576,0.0002318438,0.00003370817,0.00003003641,0.0001348307,0.0001859598,0.008157525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998926,0.00006476842,0.0006321517,0.000007101338,0.000001986944,0.000003395724,0.00001542263,0.00001166348,0.000337425],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003465452,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006890535,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008440520108216328,"score_gpt":0.2101027499618139,"score_spread":0.2016622298535976,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}