{"id":"W2921945649","doi":"10.1109/ted.2019.2900743","title":"A New Expression for the Gain-Noise Relation of Single-Carrier Avalanche Photodiodes With Arbitrary Staircase Multiplication Regions","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","topic":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca","keywords":"Avalanche photodiode; Impact ionization; Multiplication (music); Ionization; Noise (video); APDS; Physics; Classification of discontinuities; Avalanche diode; Avalanche breakdown; Single-photon avalanche diode; Multiple exciton generation; Noise figure; Computational physics; Optics; Optoelectronics; Computer science; Mathematics; Voltage; CMOS; Quantum mechanics; Breakdown voltage; Band gap; Mathematical analysis; Detector","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003583777,0.0006676526,0.0003135017,0.0007212991,0.0001985644,0.0006498902,0.001003078,0.0005654522,0.001883114],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00131774,0.0002479505,0.0004292217,0.0004668959,0.0004617551,0.001257823,0.0004877012,0.0006417258,0.000600399],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007623073,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002832305,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006300479,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001069921,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997742,0.000021512,0.00001531341,0.000045487,0.0001225415,0.00002102037],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996597,0.0001201007,0.00004115804,0.00004401625,0.0001208283,0.00001429225],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001406383,0.0001002634,0.002036086,0.0005840376,0.000105796,0.0008807291,0.0002599593,0.2076558,0.3790233,0.2996912,0.001905544,0.1076166],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001926953,0.00009254411,0.001383018,0.00003450001,0.00006130744,0.000761506,0.00002716923,0.8885338,0.04133063,0.05744506,0.01026253,0.00004868795],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02910585,0.0009181552,0.9625044,0.00009425357,0.00008077041,0.00004396645,0.00008090471,0.0003669681,0.006804737],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6711589,0.001891281,0.3123234,0.0002324996,0.0001463696,0.0001697034,0.0001647086,0.0002853727,0.01362784],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001883114,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006299675,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01487646204081431,"score_gpt":0.2442822498047691,"score_spread":0.2294057877639548,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}