{"id":"W2925231405","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1811513116","title":"Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":430,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Neuroscience of multilingualism; Operationalization; Cognitive psychology; Cognition; Categorical variable; Psychology; Brain Structure and Function; Developmental psychology; Computer science; Neuroscience; Machine learning","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005484635,0.0001158285,0.0002028702,0.000172477,0.0001427351,0.0000265681,0.0005688035,0.00009694944,0.00005472498],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001077808,0.00007147512,0.00006174075,0.0004649755,0.001116548,0.0003184277,0.0001782754,0.0001673221,6.457296e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007527999,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003276915,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006523023,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.453961e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984185,0.00002282699,0.0002302357,0.0003904915,0.0007744316,0.0001635544],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989717,0.0004153166,0.00052151,0.00001379381,0.00005004343,0.00002761308],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003121362,0.0000149689,0.003852733,0.00005018073,0.000003478389,4.255228e-8,0.002399856,0.000004971947,0.9795856,0.01386534,0.00003154488,0.0001600527],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001833931,0.0001930111,0.008370928,0.00007575474,0.000007083242,0.00006697538,0.001337436,0.00007415439,0.9592254,0.03035857,0.00002880665,0.00007852987],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996599,0.00008295067,1.799459e-7,0.001444643,0.00009558407,0.0001901388,0.000009030451,0.00001307069,0.001565361],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9989478,0.00001267966,0.00008583028,0.0007533907,0.00004997114,0.000002718621,8.479022e-8,0.00000410266,0.0001433991],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02036026,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4113966,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03337943609164617,"score_gpt":0.2949993028545914,"score_spread":0.2616198667629452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}