{"id":"W2929227504","doi":"10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12908","title":"Defunding Hate: PayPal’s Regulation of Hate Groups","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surveillance & Society","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Enforcement; Face (sociological concept); Payment; Hate crime; Political science; Law and economics; Law enforcement; Business; Public relations; Internet privacy; Law; Computer security; Sociology; Computer science; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004997599,0.0003282164,0.0001781328,0.001346903,0.007942677,0.009395967,0.001234512,0.004075807,0.007063537],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02044094,0.0004375527,0.000362338,0.0006036631,0.004915786,0.00452059,0.005446051,0.006946232,0.001183757],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002327302,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006200972,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01370826,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01481821,"domain_scores_codex":[0.995629,0.001537054,0.000180863,0.0005528605,0.001269894,0.0008304296],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9869232,0.00765399,0.00107727,0.001394038,0.002065106,0.0008864041],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001536027,0.0006519353,0.06913896,0.0003530384,0.00007559542,0.00151965,0.03560227,0.000975892,0.007983203,0.3436045,0.157826,0.3821153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006836068,0.000508945,0.06543835,0.0009598247,0.0001081108,0.00194374,0.03613393,0.00853274,0.01580966,0.06596998,0.8042438,0.0002826061],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3728886,0.001736997,0.03061342,0.1359939,0.001925294,0.0005092074,0.0002437472,0.0008430111,0.4552458],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9300231,0.0005346125,0.004299938,0.02140489,0.0002553567,0.0002089405,0.00006964248,0.00007356876,0.04312992],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01370826,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02725697,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00833094188535715,"score_gpt":0.2157341924571607,"score_spread":0.2074032505718035,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}