{"id":"W2929227504","doi":"10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12908","title":"Defunding Hate: PayPal’s Regulation of Hate Groups","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surveillance & Society","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Enforcement; Face (sociological concept); Payment; Hate crime; Political science; Law and economics; Law enforcement; Business; Public relations; Internet privacy; Law; Computer security; Sociology; Computer science; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007347594,0.000131236,0.0002161156,0.00002963197,0.0001096424,0.00008006553,0.0003911922,0.0001061211,0.00003929831],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002258778,0.0001305934,0.0002009178,0.0004853125,0.00004078684,0.0004005255,0.0001198238,0.0001356094,0.0001298263],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007745019,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004695601,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005740871,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002167597,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986414,0.0000788257,0.0002592725,0.0003796498,0.0003318736,0.0003090313],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990029,0.00007762207,0.0001869312,0.000555825,0.000118415,0.00005830632],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007970822,0.0002248668,0.4172498,0.0005570878,0.0002922819,0.000005568701,0.0116917,0.003524855,0.3381333,0.05070168,0.009175785,0.1683634],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001622537,0.0002959913,0.8278985,0.0001229626,0.000008702039,0.00002561787,0.000493404,0.0970185,0.04785701,0.008221424,0.01554445,0.0008908778],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8932155,0.0002053752,0.1026643,0.0002450055,0.001082229,0.0002403348,0.000003933392,0.0002676762,0.002075617],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9911424,0.00008072372,0.008051011,0.00009568305,0.00007190847,0.000005644535,0.000007912584,0.00001228784,0.0005324113],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4106487,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5325446,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00833094188535715,"score_gpt":0.2157341924571607,"score_spread":0.2074032505718035,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}