{"id":"W2932112325","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3235819","title":"Digital Threats to Democratic Elections: How Foreign Actors Use Digital Techniques to Undermine Democracy","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":37,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University; University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Democracy; Political science; Political economy; Foreign policy; Politics; Sociology; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00511086,0.0002560133,0.0001787457,0.001559093,0.005187857,0.0123178,0.0009243023,0.003796399,0.0128114],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01710382,0.000215901,0.0003358705,0.00163373,0.009016313,0.008210671,0.004387997,0.003758864,0.0010763],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003430062,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002951391,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00452752,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.006468912,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9958816,0.002676502,0.00007310314,0.000216327,0.0004276789,0.0007249342],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9897445,0.006175139,0.001431849,0.0009491379,0.0007723946,0.0009270008],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002754063,0.0003491393,0.03059831,0.0002201587,0.00005355508,0.001141177,0.07134629,0.002079737,0.001111411,0.7865078,0.01677362,0.08954335],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000981777,0.0002545872,0.02694647,0.0006060844,0.00008781545,0.001411219,0.1995891,0.006121591,0.002273082,0.4267459,0.3357594,0.0001065914],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5075803,0.001986354,0.006502955,0.04989296,0.0005236181,0.00003786566,0.00006167193,0.000127202,0.4332871],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9916438,0.0003522019,0.0003714758,0.001322482,0.00005381579,0.00001077084,0.00001201731,0.00002545086,0.006208001],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0128114,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04285836,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02153504535054775,"score_gpt":0.2981109098429416,"score_spread":0.2765758644923939,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}