{"id":"W2936899595","doi":"10.1017/s0272263116000036","title":"VARIABILITY IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING","year":2016,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","topic":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":68,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Grammaticality; Psychology; Task (project management); Variety (cybernetics); Cognitive psychology; Sentence; Explicit knowledge; Implicit learning; Procedural memory; Linguistic sequence complexity; Cognition; Variance (accounting); Language acquisition; Linguistics; Task analysis; Natural language processing; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Grammar; Mathematics education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002583201,0.0001334143,0.0003521641,0.0007437206,0.0002517692,0.001189493,0.0002763059,0.0003898275,0.001300479],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02159945,0.0001261728,0.0001954528,0.0004595757,0.0005074227,0.0004852969,0.0008995904,0.0004493385,0.0003141353],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002611893,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001978027,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007462928,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006256805,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9968295,0.0008404955,0.0002469149,0.0008467688,0.00107501,0.0001612925],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.976997,0.01609368,0.002567369,0.002354862,0.001191619,0.0007953984],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004878163,0.0002981981,0.9115109,0.00008275058,0.0003008604,0.0002714861,0.00370957,0.001805681,0.01633082,0.0009977147,0.0004048357,0.06379932],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005789992,0.0001910572,0.9944509,0.000009043992,0.00001826801,0.0002845094,0.0003526266,0.0009741012,0.001795041,0.001146617,0.0007558988,0.00001615698],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962931,0.0001982609,0.001288595,0.0000402566,0.000009279242,0.000008810338,0.00007789854,0.00002763114,0.002056053],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993705,0.00003608072,0.000145521,0.000008202454,0.00000622892,0.000006847123,0.00009349581,0.000009403855,0.0003238485],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002583201,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01366144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02387645084807697,"score_gpt":0.2958126464444575,"score_spread":0.2719361955963805,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}