{"id":"W2940508173","doi":"10.1093/mnras/stz1153","title":"Galaxy Zoo: unwinding the winding problem – observations of spiral bulge prominence and arm pitch angles suggest local spiral galaxies are winding","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; U.S. Naval Observatory; Fermilab; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Chinese Academy of Sciences; New Mexico State University; University of Portsmouth; Universität Basel; University of Pittsburgh; Johns Hopkins University; Ohio State University; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka; Princeton University; National Science Foundation; University of Washington; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Drexel University; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Case Western Reserve University","keywords":"Bulge; Physics; Spiral (railway); Astrophysics; Spiral galaxy; Pitch angle; Barred spiral galaxy; Irregular galaxy; Interacting galaxy; Grand design spiral galaxy; Galaxy; Astronomy; Lenticular galaxy; Unbarred spiral galaxy; Elliptical galaxy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005618637,0.0002425261,0.0002446341,0.002769676,0.0003748789,0.001227863,0.0002860694,0.0004087885,0.002152497],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003114803,0.0001738999,0.0002188829,0.00247313,0.0005495384,0.001102462,0.001153354,0.0002802789,0.001182831],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002965011,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002051723,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01147212,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02558844,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995731,0.00007852923,0.00002333185,0.0001036299,0.0001396459,0.00008179231],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971569,0.0005700442,0.001127205,0.0004598791,0.0003253867,0.0003605925],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000227423,0.00004455536,0.9291539,0.0001983855,0.00007046566,0.0002468145,0.005437396,0.0006052485,0.008522208,0.001567784,0.0114062,0.04251955],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007947172,0.00005060935,0.9768113,0.00005225263,0.00001666086,0.0002936752,0.002354688,0.001550472,0.001216757,0.0008171719,0.01680394,0.00002450307],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9746292,0.0002996245,0.003690837,0.0003010274,0.0000184109,0.00004160102,0.008474457,0.00118822,0.01135677],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9833146,0.0001407732,0.006356331,0.00008482223,0.00002775757,0.00002853248,0.008129193,0.0001366987,0.001781316],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01147212,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0228107,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0105120796303048,"score_gpt":0.1967101017759606,"score_spread":0.1861980221456558,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}