{"id":"W2941199353","doi":"10.1111/phc3.12587","title":"Collective harm and the inefficacy problem","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy Compass","topic":"War, Ethics, and Justification","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":120,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Connaught Fund","keywords":"Harm; sort; Point (geometry); Law and economics; Computer science; Epistemology; Risk analysis (engineering); Political science; Business; Sociology; Law; Mathematics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002460656,0.0001059526,0.0001715601,0.00004616704,0.0003757905,0.0001663252,0.0001364881,0.00002998886,0.0003003466],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002060759,0.00006926344,0.00004815542,0.00003435746,0.0004550835,0.0001181144,0.00004197854,0.0002011927,0.0002994155],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003091455,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004867287,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009364256,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004133397,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993055,0.00007774781,0.0001608714,0.0001860073,0.00014562,0.0001241833],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992925,0.0002529421,0.00008302192,0.000204749,0.0001340197,0.00003275734],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009014388,0.00004113389,0.00005803127,0.00004432183,0.00003063914,2.188545e-7,0.05743589,0.000007463242,0.000013112,0.9397311,0.002345258,0.0002027392],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002465327,0.00007830973,0.0006644248,0.00005163363,0.00005167934,0.000002271793,0.002050618,0.001230389,0.00005245057,0.7666165,0.2265079,0.0002285226],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03976989,0.0003372146,0.00003310041,0.03694233,0.0006777269,0.0009313736,0.00002397266,0.0001057287,0.9211786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9910744,0.0000133442,0.00003217661,0.0007558882,0.0007633562,0.00004087427,0.000009167358,0.00001268062,0.007298098],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9513045,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3848481,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06008753813410005,"score_gpt":0.2463136239165706,"score_spread":0.1862260857824706,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}