{"id":"W2941810097","doi":"10.1177/0013164419844305","title":"A Measurement Is a Choice and Stevens’ Scales of Measurement Do Not Help Make It: A Response to Chalmers","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Educational and Psychological Measurement","topic":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Relevance (law); Confusion; Reliability (semiconductor); Task (project management); Psychology; Test (biology); Epistemology; Measure (data warehouse); Computer science; Philosophy; Psychoanalysis; Data mining; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005523759,0.0003008524,0.000480223,0.0001147498,0.0001075355,0.00003501314,0.000173653,0.0001094452,0.0002988053],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003506663,0.000231719,0.00008609946,0.0001730451,0.0001133517,0.00004859041,0.00007331889,0.0001873463,0.00002444335],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002109827,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009537757,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009675781,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001849763,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9957165,0.0004668012,0.0006232193,0.0007218259,0.002102521,0.0003692013],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974847,0.0005743544,0.0001871699,0.0004018653,0.000986611,0.000365338],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01111135,0.01167906,0.01095894,0.00236599,0.001066696,0.000008094775,0.008864738,0.0000381653,0.4204154,0.2220055,0.02666836,0.2848177],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.005245067,0.004507681,0.5077362,0.002174842,0.0002478012,0.00005365024,0.001456012,0.00007509607,0.004758426,0.4365331,0.03566463,0.001547515],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8654582,0.001962929,0.07454339,0.05039191,0.0009387875,0.002899448,0.0001212043,0.00005439824,0.003629755],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9303914,0.0000391546,0.06733705,0.001751187,0.00009553604,0.0001781807,7.38716e-7,0.00002047163,0.0001863399],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4967772,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9449225,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.4019735413709748,"score_gpt":0.46501596832292,"score_spread":0.06304242695194523,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}