{"id":"W2944498415","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.072","title":"The synthesis and characterization of carbon dots and their application in dye sensitized solar cell","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","topic":"Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Maryland Sea Grant, University of Maryland; Coppin State University; Institute of Infection and Immunity; University of Maryland","keywords":"Solar cell; Dye-sensitized solar cell; Energy conversion efficiency; Fabrication; Materials science; Carbon fibers; Open-circuit voltage; Nanotechnology; Solar cell efficiency; Optoelectronics; Characterization (materials science); Photovoltaic system; Voltage; Chemistry; Electrode; Physics; Electrical engineering; Physical chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001668834,0.000141182,0.0001230972,0.0003110435,0.0002953646,0.0003131059,0.0001623073,0.0005152419,0.0008748677],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002923573,0.0001311615,0.0001187775,0.00028399,0.0001649311,0.0002305256,0.00009674318,0.0002270113,0.0001689536],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004333557,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002055301,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001448484,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002952032,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998456,0.00001358668,0.0000105042,0.00003747976,0.000075118,0.00001766763],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998248,0.00004067261,0.00001823826,0.00001817658,0.00008240333,0.00001577213],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001990729,0.000009967901,0.0001906134,0.00002405328,0.000001976537,0.00002787527,0.00001327459,0.000174212,0.9978684,0.0001209541,0.00003642287,0.001512325],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001197751,0.00002832285,0.001016087,0.000001372581,0.000002599337,0.00003036495,0.000009265204,0.001349453,0.9966222,0.00001922123,0.0009168647,0.000003004588],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9855956,0.001609712,0.008251845,0.0001422778,0.00004101644,0.00006111431,0.0004805532,0.000069683,0.003748198],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923659,0.0004139912,0.004646206,0.00002353437,0.000003174716,0.00001834323,0.0002074012,0.00001382712,0.002307704],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001448484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003144205,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004707090152548196,"score_gpt":0.2054369969529795,"score_spread":0.2007299068004313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}