{"id":"W2944498415","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.072","title":"The synthesis and characterization of carbon dots and their application in dye sensitized solar cell","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","topic":"Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":69,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Maryland Sea Grant, University of Maryland; Coppin State University; Institute of Infection and Immunity; University of Maryland","keywords":"Solar cell; Dye-sensitized solar cell; Energy conversion efficiency; Fabrication; Materials science; Carbon fibers; Open-circuit voltage; Nanotechnology; Solar cell efficiency; Optoelectronics; Characterization (materials science); Photovoltaic system; Voltage; Chemistry; Electrode; Physics; Electrical engineering; Physical chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003476519,0.0000711672,0.0001421545,0.00009798472,0.00002283151,0.00003666696,0.0001671011,0.00003540351,0.000008604785],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001875207,0.0000489,0.00003218001,0.00005805048,0.00005154368,0.00008889908,0.00004757461,0.00004687038,0.000001133894],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002926398,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003198183,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001371677,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004346621,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992428,0.00005597717,0.0003397051,0.0001029038,0.0001830755,0.00007549525],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991911,0.000161607,0.0003660205,0.0001014269,0.0001466484,0.0000332191],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005939588,0.00002718818,0.0009366221,0.000003365762,0.0000121691,0.000001249065,0.0001181565,0.00004135492,0.9929642,0.001903501,0.000001042196,0.003931761],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003265865,0.00002302154,0.003658727,0.00002601223,0.000008342436,0.00006201545,0.00008530889,0.007299345,0.9862025,0.0007217468,0.001525213,0.00006119499],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9986098,0.0001703775,0.0002931612,0.0005004662,0.0001293336,0.00005423673,0.00001133123,0.000003762854,0.0002275482],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999322,0.000484799,0.00003494391,0.00004870598,0.00006183973,0.000006918552,0.000003135453,0.000007443051,0.0000302337],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007257991,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1994084,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004707090152548196,"score_gpt":0.2054369969529795,"score_spread":0.2007299068004313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}