{"id":"W2944595299","doi":"10.3390/en12091788","title":"Comparative Study on the Effects of Ethanol Proportion on the Particle Numbers Emissions in a Combined Injection Engine","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energies","topic":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","field":"Chemical Engineering","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control; Jilin University; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Gasoline; Particle number; Ignition timing; Combustion; Ignition system; Cylinder; Ethanol; Particle size; Automotive engineering; Particle (ecology); Ethanol fuel; Petrol engine; Environmental science; Chemistry; Materials science; Mechanics; Waste management; Physics; Volume (thermodynamics); Engineering; Thermodynamics; Mechanical engineering; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001355276,0.0001305838,0.0001804891,0.00004787979,0.00004096723,0.000006515282,0.0001718527,0.00004970801,0.00002190143],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005238987,0.00007366652,0.00003552339,0.0003846984,0.00004497527,0.00005490553,0.0000503636,0.0003062134,0.00002112162],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000608835,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007939693,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001625097,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000341902,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992383,0.00006306876,0.0002031235,0.0001533885,0.0001939593,0.0001481216],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986561,0.0008625785,0.00008009889,0.0003570657,0.00002991608,0.00001424219],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008638216,0.0003891674,0.002511719,0.00002725855,0.00004403859,0.000002098679,0.002846824,0.7699283,0.1949957,0.02882553,0.0001210947,0.0002218373],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007316654,0.0007974388,0.006107767,0.0001477392,0.00001094713,5.438206e-7,0.006640677,0.03013428,0.9542429,0.001025596,0.00002921469,0.0001311677],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9977519,0.00001732563,0.0003003316,0.0004481034,0.0001212264,0.0006042199,6.208046e-7,0.0002407863,0.0005154953],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994807,0.000003536789,0.00005013729,0.00002154924,0.000009025618,0.0001793631,0.000001190157,0.00001243063,0.0002420493],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7592473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3004033,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01503233063455665,"score_gpt":0.263355142095634,"score_spread":0.2483228114610773,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}