{"id":"W2945651733","doi":"10.1111/lang.12348","title":"Case Marking Variation in Heritage Slavic Languages in Toronto: Not So Different","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language Learning","topic":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":42,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Homeland; Linguistics; Variation (astronomy); Heritage language; Ukrainian; Slavic languages; Normative; Genitive case; History; Noun; Political science; Law; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004675201,0.000201632,0.0002442121,0.001173045,0.001455968,0.001309836,0.000364401,0.00017473,0.002895371],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002687475,0.0002056849,0.0001220931,0.001930991,0.001336887,0.000450116,0.001230782,0.0002362302,0.000242307],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003683094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002139522,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.5190102,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.7756121,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994811,0.0001017085,0.00003719844,0.0001037121,0.0001359487,0.000140341],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988052,0.000339415,0.0003038348,0.0001398041,0.0002620499,0.0001496667],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003174863,0.00003336199,0.6733547,0.0001586361,0.00007392927,0.002680755,0.2647381,0.0002512385,0.01667641,0.002518731,0.0009278227,0.03826889],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004081572,0.00003008095,0.9438734,0.00002601666,0.00002010235,0.0005828904,0.05191882,0.0001651037,0.0009091196,0.0001219287,0.002333368,0.00001502653],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980577,0.00007267299,0.00004857441,0.00002373992,9.706874e-7,0.000002741029,0.00008962901,0.000003199091,0.001700749],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995543,0.00003918172,0.00004306172,0.000003522023,3.994098e-7,0.000001659404,0.00007550076,0.000002592144,0.0002798033],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5190102,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9676448,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01044758947676231,"score_gpt":0.3144399531484806,"score_spread":0.3039923636717182,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}