{"id":"W2945826097","doi":"10.1093/jeea/jvad062","title":"Hard-to-Interpret Signals","year":2023,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Journal of the European Economic Association","topic":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Interpretation (philosophy); Observable; Epistemology; Computer science; Data science; Physics; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002937204,0.0009691742,0.0006290748,0.0007104144,0.0004915803,0.003910603,0.0009420575,0.001793236,0.01863423],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03756661,0.0004305023,0.0003784017,0.0006375174,0.002133604,0.003919426,0.001516053,0.002458597,0.001681143],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008508023,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006240464,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006909592,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003319435,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9962036,0.001826404,0.0001877934,0.0006433212,0.0009135702,0.0002253151],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9661521,0.02430369,0.002972382,0.003826343,0.002066201,0.0006792314],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002218357,0.000803155,0.01595809,0.00148758,0.0002947526,0.0009906424,0.00225525,0.08539857,0.1145175,0.6548425,0.01223866,0.1089949],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001628506,0.0003040454,0.005743693,0.0001505266,0.000069788,0.0003064969,0.0005275853,0.214051,0.02146542,0.7503594,0.006770199,0.00008906454],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5164019,0.0007117318,0.3774239,0.006694173,0.0005369782,0.0002608529,0.0009090774,0.001232272,0.09582921],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9761095,0.0001815929,0.01970785,0.0004091043,0.00007732448,0.00005170154,0.0001662376,0.00009913881,0.003197514],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01863423,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0623377,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1632192669763282,"score_gpt":0.3843054107063303,"score_spread":0.2210861437300022,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}