{"id":"W2947699162","doi":"10.1017/s135232521900003x","title":"MULTIPLE REASONABLE BEHAVIORS CASES: THE PROBLEM OF CAUSAL UNDERDETERMINATION IN TORT LAW","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Legal Theory","topic":"Legal principles and applications","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Underdetermination; Causation; Tort; Plaintiff; Liability; Law; Psychology; Law and economics; Political science; Philosophy; Epistemology; Economics; Philosophy of science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.07385922,0.0007274772,0.001936128,0.004841032,0.005802829,0.007571011,0.003921318,0.01695489,0.004732203],"category_scores_gemma":[0.2170845,0.00114634,0.001717358,0.002514754,0.04185206,0.01538664,0.007440892,0.01748954,0.0003206594],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005287866,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004496635,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003141825,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002660199,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9007783,0.06834546,0.004287513,0.008151437,0.01527137,0.003165809],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.6543835,0.3107458,0.01327364,0.01269181,0.007057692,0.001847607],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001618439,0.00002361351,0.001242522,0.00003366393,0.00002489864,0.0009984713,0.001097703,0.000756448,0.0000434225,0.9906362,0.00105583,0.004071091],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003220866,0.00001041923,0.0002755262,0.0000573218,0.00001755407,0.0005425329,0.0003390741,0.003678133,0.0001310285,0.9919001,0.002998684,0.00001745802],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.1633862,0.005871359,0.4265291,0.2587944,0.001023416,0.0005667094,0.0002007794,0.0002377976,0.1433901],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9675303,0.0007667941,0.02299937,0.006069113,0.0007403388,0.0002030706,0.00002345021,0.000029163,0.001638236],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.07385922,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3906096,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01618762667587611,"score_gpt":0.3026653194304473,"score_spread":0.2864776927545712,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}