{"id":"W2954087863","doi":"10.1257/pol.20200531","title":"Horizontal Differentiation and the Policy Effect of Charter Schools","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Journal Economic Policy","topic":"School Choice and Performance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":33,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Charter; Competition (biology); School choice; Productivity; Incentive; Quality (philosophy); Test (biology); Public economics; Public education; Political science; Economics; Public administration; Business; Economic growth; Microeconomics; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00191448,0.0002022656,0.0004052049,0.0005837334,0.0007339595,0.001541977,0.0004841907,0.0006784814,0.00472013],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008715552,0.0001549317,0.0004355274,0.000945492,0.001931586,0.0009273717,0.001875515,0.001264638,0.0002164008],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0048015,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00236217,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03364759,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03625387,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971709,0.0012005,0.00009920845,0.0003252398,0.0004541507,0.0007499421],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9886892,0.003980139,0.005235223,0.0004589446,0.0005561013,0.001080291],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001195188,0.001012191,0.7531658,0.0001791755,0.0003350842,0.0003921919,0.001044967,0.09052325,0.0035116,0.09136099,0.003268227,0.05401134],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000268162,0.001386078,0.9272897,0.0001395213,0.0002842953,0.00008098745,0.002935721,0.03233767,0.004949021,0.02239867,0.007881088,0.00004914386],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9867051,0.0003001709,0.001409039,0.0012276,0.00001676262,0.00003087399,0.0001811249,0.00002316657,0.01010608],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991623,0.00004918852,0.0001874562,0.00006222336,0.000009580696,0.000005211965,0.00003523495,0.000001095605,0.0004877184],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03364759,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06690347,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005802049440277343,"score_gpt":0.2921680140149225,"score_spread":0.2863659645746452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}