{"id":"W2963604227","doi":"10.1093/cybsec/tyz003","title":"Ransomware payments in the Bitcoin ecosystem","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Cybersecurity","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":233,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Montréal","funders":"European Commission","keywords":"Ransomware; Payment; Cybercrime; Business; Computer security; Law enforcement; Ransom; Enforcement; Virtual currency; Internet privacy; Cryptocurrency; Malware; The Internet; Finance; Computer science; Economics; Monetary economics; Law; Currency","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001070116,0.00009162762,0.0001957379,0.0001703292,0.00003274887,0.00006471437,0.001009382,0.000051249,0.00001878592],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004981529,0.00006008056,0.0001090241,0.0003581219,0.00001020794,0.0007757226,0.00007029236,0.0003642822,0.00002874699],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008908114,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005017248,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000767295,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00003309661,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987085,0.0001817157,0.0004032206,0.0001263357,0.0004210884,0.0001591817],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990111,0.0001216364,0.000344076,0.0003642091,0.0001175837,0.0000414067],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008889654,0.003998292,0.1761848,0.001059104,0.0005080482,0.004426552,0.1045076,0.003307589,0.01962683,0.3080413,0.04276394,0.3346869],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01246832,0.004625131,0.09322697,0.001846571,0.00007362958,0.007973694,0.006833016,0.01707869,0.103847,0.2868934,0.4628187,0.002314881],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8065476,0.000231617,0.188295,0.001408633,0.001104377,0.0003902626,0.000002894343,0.00008088003,0.001938739],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9914985,0.00002419512,0.00807401,0.0003191912,0.00005326777,0.000003046352,1.006827e-7,0.000004616234,0.00002301609],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4200547,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2450014,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006090047412144035,"score_gpt":0.2386382911070153,"score_spread":0.2325482436948712,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}