{"id":"W2963877740","doi":"10.1007/s42330-019-00055-9","title":"How Does Inquiry-Based Scientific Investigation Relate to the Development of Students’ Science Knowledge, Knowing, Applying, and Reasoning? An Examination of TIMSS Data","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","keywords":"Mathematics education; Scientific reasoning; Cognition; Psychology; Academic achievement; Science education; Cognitive development; Achievement test; Standardized test","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.01128154,0.00007399722,0.000134687,0.001763743,0.001500446,0.0004584815,0.001677605,0.00006045879,0.000008329134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002584666,0.0000530209,0.000008138085,0.003143302,0.007082722,0.001028118,0.00009319677,0.0001243253,0.000001626724],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001707556,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01776438,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002038337,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007506851,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984796,0.00005033454,0.0003345577,0.0002803327,0.000611253,0.0002439286],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973571,0.0000776017,0.0004697201,0.0004248984,0.00131442,0.000356233],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001775917,0.0002069364,0.1081298,0.0001046626,0.000008532079,1.825569e-7,0.5738394,0.000009979149,0.01942054,0.1227253,0.00017584,0.1753771],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002752998,0.000207825,0.1226076,0.0007927919,0.00004156978,0.00001558134,0.8311751,0.002502644,0.0194424,0.008707687,0.01390642,0.0003249719],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9949226,0.0001166698,0.0003862772,0.002842199,0.001103994,0.0003481585,0.00000163341,0.000006003573,0.0002724107],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9797524,0.000004333839,0.01999122,0.00002194254,0.00003254218,0.000007071585,0.000001409682,0.000003381848,0.0001856941],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2573358,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997995,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0641197931760103,"score_gpt":0.3731247104960452,"score_spread":0.3090049173200349,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}