{"id":"W2965822991","doi":"10.1007/s13347-019-00371-w","title":"Concepts of Solution and the Finite Element Method: a Philosophical Take on Variational Crimes","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Philosophy & Technology","topic":"Philosophy and History of Science","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Western University; Simon Fraser University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences","keywords":"Finite element method; Element (criminal law); Legitimacy; Computer science; Philosophy of technology; Calculus (dental); Applied mathematics; Mathematics; Mathematical optimization; Management science; Philosophy of science; Epistemology; Engineering; Law; Political science; Structural engineering; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000488,0.0001711323,0.000325077,0.0002882197,0.0003432586,0.00002564184,0.000368564,0.0001091986,0.0005757388],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001032372,0.0001216348,0.00009521525,0.0001023714,0.002322123,0.000142154,0.000113325,0.0002994753,0.0001097111],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003571215,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004004938,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003211151,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007525972,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987048,0.00009374761,0.0003299213,0.000354769,0.0003010558,0.0002157042],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989279,0.0003468608,0.0002176707,0.0003487803,0.0001224466,0.00003637858],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001471719,0.00007966118,0.00002935297,0.00002054172,0.00003789721,9.272403e-7,0.001830887,0.00002941737,0.0003029332,0.9963936,0.0001073133,0.001020363],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001231058,0.0004341451,0.00004683335,0.00003475419,0.00003343207,0.000004564881,0.00009583915,0.001196074,0.0002194827,0.9691584,0.02740092,0.0001444752],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.02205263,0.002040407,0.002208159,0.3969723,0.001879211,0.001620405,0.0001793032,0.000441498,0.5726061],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9971514,0.00002382003,0.0007410527,0.00139815,0.0003930817,0.00004336252,0.000005997128,0.00001095319,0.0002321705],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9750988,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8555958,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04160103615688832,"score_gpt":0.2732684723189834,"score_spread":0.2316674361620951,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}