{"id":"W2966867637","doi":"10.3390/app9153109","title":"Influence of Commercial Biochar Fillers on Brittleness/Ductility of Epoxy Resin Composites","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Sciences","topic":"Carbon Nanotubes in Composites","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Materials science; Epoxy; Composite material; Brittleness; Ultimate tensile strength; Ductility (Earth science); Composite number; Thermosetting polymer; Elongation; Pyrolysis; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001031608,0.0001648289,0.0003918023,0.0001598831,0.0001346637,0.0000418588,0.0009706455,0.00007115157,0.0002435611],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007458447,0.0001418551,0.00006496412,0.000614656,0.001565783,0.0001589233,0.0002311741,0.00008911337,0.0001435359],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002829035,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001081484,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002677901,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001659306,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979166,0.00007467726,0.0004646671,0.0005065278,0.0007386297,0.000298905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984125,0.0006008545,0.0003011181,0.0005215226,0.0001063317,0.00005761431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000810479,0.00008567394,0.01257986,0.00004880355,0.000003353733,3.301445e-7,0.0001944455,0.007591914,0.9728308,0.006284267,0.00007643727,0.0002230591],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002306505,0.0001871807,0.03831374,0.00006330427,0.000007080165,0.000001755334,0.00009331934,0.0000781815,0.9598794,0.0009146582,0.0000789387,0.000151778],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9929991,0.00009130945,0.000009690752,0.0001241537,0.0002726691,0.0003827298,0.00003601912,0.00003831285,0.00604598],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982791,0.000006738515,0.001524515,0.0001160004,0.00002938523,0.00001359018,0.000001918626,0.000007408521,0.00002135872],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02573387,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5784681,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01303210018840851,"score_gpt":0.2536240818866147,"score_spread":0.2405919816982062,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}