{"id":"W2968394471","doi":"10.1002/cjce.23620","title":"Lignin for polymer and nanoparticle production: Current status and challenges","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Lignin and Wood Chemistry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":135,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; Canada Foundation for Innovation; Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation","keywords":"Lignin; Polymer; Pulp (tooth); Paper production; Flocculation; Organosolv; Production (economics); Pulp and paper industry; Nanoparticle; Materials science; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Organic chemistry; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008673793,0.0000801584,0.0001082787,0.00003153418,0.00001894431,0.00002480741,0.00006009381,0.00003387784,0.000002354532],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002565857,0.00006402323,0.00002317904,0.00003561866,0.00002347204,0.00006086095,0.000005967171,0.0001421184,7.315598e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000445173,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004280658,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001163247,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008658367,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995547,0.000001843391,0.0001229585,0.00005976793,0.00005435687,0.0002063959],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995959,0.00003175976,0.00001786971,0.00007131459,0.00002631291,0.0002568459],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003967153,0.000003916297,0.0002557093,0.0005200811,0.00006515203,0.000002197325,0.0008066124,0.001118217,0.9911702,0.0006301567,0.0009633433,0.004460482],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002048044,0.00001385795,0.00005039583,0.00008041635,0.00001554727,0.00006071364,0.00003178798,0.00141095,0.9930577,0.00005262958,0.004925092,0.00009613554],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9581032,0.04071743,0.000002953471,0.0006877537,0.0003597472,0.00005722561,0.000002536344,0.0000135245,0.00005562041],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993801,0.000282587,0.00006769771,0.000006574066,0.0002317207,0.000002564636,3.599214e-7,0.00001606493,0.00001229505],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04127692,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2610792,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01116690969203256,"score_gpt":0.1824959248953827,"score_spread":0.1713290152033502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}