{"id":"W2969604937","doi":"10.14288/1.0380447","title":"A philosophical analysis of the concept of an externality in economic theory and policy","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"cIRcle (University of British Columbia)","topic":"Economic Theory and Institutions","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Externality; Economics; Positive economics; Epistemology; Neoclassical economics; Public economics; Sociology; Mathematical economics; Philosophy; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005291041,0.00002983087,0.0004216731,0.0001470858,0.00004593508,0.00001426045,0.0002835161,0.00007375816,0.0004467187],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003087108,0.00008480066,0.0001588677,0.0002587266,0.0004807788,0.0002777078,0.00009832915,0.00007755202,0.000007603919],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007088711,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004579818,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.07650179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.07020745,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993165,0.00005917893,0.0002652139,0.0002435021,0.00001587244,0.00009969884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992453,0.00006066076,0.0003166514,0.0003213271,0.00001566358,0.00004032439],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003686009,0.0001772869,0.593964,0.00003742969,0.0003341068,0.000002384687,0.0008155848,0.000929395,0.0000410041,0.3887265,0.000007283161,0.01492824],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005168854,0.00003148615,0.89611,0.00001963101,0.00003207746,0.000002423109,0.0003255095,0.0007629601,0.000001861531,0.102089,0.00003611264,0.00007201081],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924279,0.0001519389,0.00006360193,0.00008684726,0.00006158539,0.0001151191,0.0009689848,0.000004017696,0.006119935],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9996957,0.00004990758,0.00003057079,0.00003146512,0.00001116595,1.695437e-7,0.000006198225,0.000003585142,0.0001712544],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.302146,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9467589,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01052869593508028,"score_gpt":0.1860630245777305,"score_spread":0.1755343286426502,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}