{"id":"W2969900707","doi":"10.1111/jfir.12188","title":"OPERATING LEVERAGE AND UNDERINVESTMENT","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Financial Research","topic":"Financial Reporting and Valuation Research","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Debt; Leverage (statistics); Capital structure; Operating leverage; Bankruptcy; Equity (law); Moral hazard; Earnings; Monetary economics; Business; Economics; Finance; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002023189,0.0004566838,0.0005874203,0.001285042,0.0004277238,0.002944764,0.0007760397,0.0007884041,0.004465564],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01253311,0.0002626261,0.0005172651,0.001153481,0.001162363,0.002128509,0.001454489,0.001972615,0.0002869944],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001453287,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008609474,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004893031,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004360939,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990875,0.0002335063,0.00006723142,0.000127213,0.0001746702,0.0003099105],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9794436,0.007056032,0.01032526,0.0007696846,0.0007599011,0.001645636],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003912629,0.00041035,0.70293,0.0001066107,0.0003736255,0.001942623,0.0003119072,0.1928007,0.001957617,0.06588529,0.002242435,0.03064755],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005067095,0.0005304899,0.4992469,0.0001595408,0.0002700239,0.001110456,0.0008571837,0.3726804,0.001656969,0.1190502,0.00426742,0.0001196515],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9819458,0.001708355,0.005477548,0.001209639,0.0000311952,0.00002167627,0.0003439617,0.00003639164,0.009225529],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99923,0.0001509336,0.00007344889,0.0000133679,0.00002466989,0.000002982876,0.00006084408,0.000002145182,0.0004416615],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004893031,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01493877,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1319733246999588,"score_gpt":0.3730922290286663,"score_spread":0.2411189043287075,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}