{"id":"W2969900707","doi":"10.1111/jfir.12188","title":"OPERATING LEVERAGE AND UNDERINVESTMENT","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Financial Research","topic":"Financial Reporting and Valuation Research","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Lethbridge","funders":"","keywords":"Debt; Leverage (statistics); Capital structure; Operating leverage; Bankruptcy; Equity (law); Moral hazard; Earnings; Monetary economics; Business; Economics; Finance; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01183042,0.00007846488,0.000165685,0.0002933506,0.0003816305,0.0002451252,0.0003210773,0.0000474804,0.0001399999],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003504342,0.00004962181,0.00004603811,0.0005444238,0.0001116143,0.0004593804,0.0002584433,0.0006132573,0.000179284],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004956712,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003300827,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003245615,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002494402,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979373,0.00009943268,0.0003916207,0.0001026973,0.001130959,0.0003379774],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982761,0.0003161529,0.0002343032,0.000176084,0.0009748976,0.00002250188],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009077453,0.0005099883,0.1694446,0.0008865843,0.0001010107,0.0002952103,0.002289403,0.002420866,0.0583103,0.3751628,0.07680714,0.3128644],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001821579,0.0004350461,0.7088294,0.0003421594,0.0000321919,0.00009844158,0.0009190731,0.006180659,0.001116583,0.02532495,0.2545992,0.0003007803],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9861079,0.0002951834,0.0000658296,0.002840912,0.0002405064,0.0002287212,2.151394e-7,0.000005870115,0.01021486],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9969699,0.0001232937,0.00007068017,0.0004278382,0.0008645891,0.000002391286,3.723593e-7,0.00001173582,0.001529242],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5393848,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4195278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1319733246999588,"score_gpt":0.3730922290286663,"score_spread":0.2411189043287075,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}