{"id":"W2970460552","doi":"10.33137/twpl.v41i1.32769","title":"Vowel duration and the voicing effect across English dialects","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Economic and Social Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Voice; Voice-onset time; Vowel; Linguistics; Consonant; Psychology; Duration (music); Perception; Audiology; Vowel length; Mathematics; Speech recognition; Acoustics; Computer science; Physics; Medicine; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005355684,0.0002003662,0.000349705,0.0006500299,0.0002893661,0.0008081075,0.0001872496,0.0002118888,0.001853845],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001890969,0.000213166,0.0001748899,0.0002947111,0.0004869609,0.000284091,0.0007108763,0.0002046795,0.000276555],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003101764,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002003108,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008877402,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01259303,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996198,0.00006749692,0.00004308258,0.0001509385,0.00007841901,0.00004018925],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978149,0.001075973,0.0003328654,0.0001591219,0.0003534957,0.0002636519],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003892915,0.0001535019,0.5736214,0.0002580175,0.0003968566,0.0004503459,0.01189793,0.0002672785,0.3838608,0.0005410636,0.0002348066,0.02442502],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000737901,0.00008309672,0.997236,0.000004853388,0.00002898622,0.0001034415,0.0005155446,0.00009098363,0.001697032,0.00004573792,0.000179945,0.000006991285],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9992442,0.0001098675,0.00008850666,0.000006950384,0.000002914836,0.000001663006,0.00006091183,0.000003095837,0.0004819326],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994704,0.00003537971,0.00008170409,0.000009217984,0.000002388551,0.000002645862,0.0001239483,0.000008776155,0.0002656309],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008877402,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01765144,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01022557490280013,"score_gpt":0.3156270861262112,"score_spread":0.305401511223411,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}