{"id":"W2973677080","doi":"10.1017/s0008423919000325","title":"Anticipated Election Result and Protest Voting: Why and When Canadian Voters Signal Discontent","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Political Science","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Universität Mannheim; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Argument (complex analysis); Voting; Democracy; Work (physics); Political science; Quality (philosophy); Outcome (game theory); Spoilt vote; Federal election; Voting behavior; Panel data; Group voting ticket; Political economy; Economics; Politics; Law; Microeconomics; Econometrics; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002355254,0.0001742246,0.0003293696,0.001077252,0.002911391,0.002568312,0.0005417131,0.0006752319,0.006664397],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01319977,0.0001495234,0.000274018,0.001580252,0.00158359,0.0004809354,0.0009055242,0.000911729,0.0003481361],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0205707,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01452455,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9476912,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9755196,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978769,0.0003927084,0.00004324477,0.000213384,0.0008596863,0.0006140559],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9945266,0.001454664,0.001265734,0.0002313653,0.001894855,0.0006267433],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00101988,0.0001433765,0.9263198,0.0001614467,0.0001291682,0.0001677318,0.01505555,0.0009452723,0.001852509,0.01091029,0.007986121,0.0353087],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002526152,0.00003593681,0.9836302,0.0000348455,0.00003435346,0.00001676208,0.007986902,0.000647401,0.0002384144,0.0007900739,0.006524597,0.00003521119],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9663435,0.0002487804,0.0002580963,0.001923237,0.00002824206,0.00003451661,0.000526009,0.00001002819,0.03062768],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998686,0.00005900355,0.00007531915,0.000073924,0.000004216281,0.00000419168,0.0001128239,0.000002982557,0.0009816412],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0523088,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1492516,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03810881908733734,"score_gpt":0.3055218139800078,"score_spread":0.2674129948926705,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}