{"id":"W2977553203","doi":"10.29173/aar50","title":"Production of Biochar from Biomass","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Alberta Academic Review","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Biochar; Slash-and-char; Biomass (ecology); Pyrolysis; Charcoal; Carbon sequestration; Environmental science; Nitrogen; Raw material; Thermogravimetric analysis; Combustion; Carbon fibers; Pulp and paper industry; Environmental chemistry; Chemistry; Agronomy; Materials science; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001046644,0.0001363483,0.0003160821,0.00003506104,0.00000671918,0.000002000025,0.0002704901,0.0001363956,0.001398564],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001315043,0.0001172993,0.00007199951,0.0002937179,0.00002479951,0.0001321296,0.0000375467,0.0001787191,0.001650327],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002276464,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001050213,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004755801,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.93114e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991248,0.00001779902,0.0003611534,0.0002151313,0.0001393155,0.0001417969],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994126,0.0001072234,0.00008444546,0.0003125647,0.00003268075,0.00005047727],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000002015417,0.00000384586,0.000868129,0.003766373,0.00003829298,1.051124e-7,0.00002730682,7.013964e-7,0.9778739,0.00004772999,0.01116782,0.006203838],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008172504,0.000006653335,0.00009226426,0.002959443,0.00005132577,0.00000253107,0.000004709726,0.00001018442,0.9220083,0.0001505578,0.0744742,0.0001580528],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7541435,0.2429795,0.000004660847,0.0007572806,0.0005430209,0.000341788,0.000004709439,0.00007666077,0.001148851],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8891847,0.1097592,0.00007755516,0.0002131873,0.0000674797,0.00001655425,0.00003139802,0.00002865299,0.0006212792],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1350411,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9995143,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01077667631908391,"score_gpt":0.2329059214786304,"score_spread":0.2221292451595465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}