{"id":"W2978126199","doi":"10.1051/0004-6361/201935550","title":"Lyman continuum escape fraction and mean free path of hydrogen ionizing photons for bright<i>z</i>∼ 4 QSOs from SDSS DR14","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Astronomy and Astrophysics","topic":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":30,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of Colorado Boulder; Office of Science; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação; University of Oxford; York University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; University of Notre Dame; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Carnegie Mellon University; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; University of Washington; Johns Hopkins University; Carnegie Institution of Washington; University of Utah; Ohio State University; U.S. Department of Energy; Smithsonian Institution; New Mexico State University; University of Portsmouth; Vanderbilt University; Yale University; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik","keywords":"QSOS; Redshift; Mean free path; Ionization; Reionization; Lyman-alpha forest; Spectral line; Sky; Cosmology","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002516285,0.0002467619,0.0001501987,0.001403774,0.0001384421,0.0002872471,0.0001787653,0.00013909,0.0008390793],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004703623,0.00009085168,0.000281565,0.0005467708,0.0001296918,0.0002288939,0.000250962,0.0001207491,0.0001866725],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002734316,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001213704,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007085518,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008953178,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999148,0.000009674176,0.00000553645,0.00003207561,0.0000138739,0.00002421552],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996519,0.00005042572,0.0001652648,0.00002962629,0.0000385442,0.00006424685],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006305005,0.00001512594,0.9904392,0.00002814096,0.00005778667,0.00006664317,0.00009851617,0.002082482,0.003120686,0.0001589745,0.0003444207,0.003525045],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000310257,0.00001551113,0.9966917,0.000004479826,0.00001880126,0.00008324088,0.00005257557,0.002177624,0.000428959,0.00007958475,0.0004401927,0.000004252998],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984607,0.000088646,0.0002146683,0.000009285694,7.321134e-7,0.000002449514,0.0009515331,0.00001785074,0.0002542786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9960648,0.00005588621,0.0003724733,0.000006136199,0.000003232723,0.000003404373,0.003298881,0.000006213813,0.0001889935],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007085518,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01408857,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004626895878648148,"score_gpt":0.1801035397740876,"score_spread":0.1754766438954394,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}