{"id":"W2978981907","doi":"10.1002/jctb.6220","title":"Upcycling brewer's spent grain waste into activated carbon and carbon nanotubes for energy and other applications via two‐stage activation","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","topic":"Carbon Nanotubes in Composites","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":92,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Bryden Centre, Queen's University Belfast; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Interreg; European Commission; Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast; Department for the Economy","keywords":"Materials science; Potassium hydroxide; Carbon nanotube; Phosphoric acid; Lignocellulosic biomass; Activated carbon; Melamine; Chemical engineering; Biomass (ecology); Specific surface area; Carbon fibers; Wastewater; Lignin; Waste management; Nanotechnology; Catalysis; Chemistry; Composite material; Organic chemistry; Adsorption; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003427827,0.0002827012,0.0006174881,0.0007386423,0.00006170985,0.00003283114,0.0005257057,0.0009831322,0.00001043353],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001702123,0.0002566098,0.00007861507,0.0005068582,0.0006757539,0.0001023219,0.0003664093,0.0004772336,8.014199e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001684925,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005073596,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007010916,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007625735,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981956,0.00003382911,0.0006730355,0.0005046926,0.0001958183,0.0003970209],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998444,0.0002413832,0.0006073859,0.0004747035,0.0001567958,0.00007570531],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001636248,0.00006793937,0.0004324941,0.00004196123,0.00004624364,0.000002573245,0.00002944135,0.000007093246,0.9845172,0.005375665,0.00000843437,0.009307303],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001185905,0.0003140972,0.000002121277,0.00008010454,0.00004569719,0.0002151971,0.0001171133,0.00100746,0.9736823,0.01811724,0.004990306,0.0002424415],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9922498,0.0007050368,0.002706328,0.003463302,0.0002189653,0.0003870497,0.000005548159,0.0001965659,0.00006740939],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917244,0.00008453379,0.007803148,0.0001399605,0.0001184035,0.00005778553,0.000001926081,0.00004246505,0.00002735559],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01274157,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999886,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006240176081742718,"score_gpt":0.2468922363783277,"score_spread":0.240652060296585,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}