{"id":"W2990487729","doi":"10.1111/ecin.12865","title":"THE GREAT OVERESTIMATION: TAX DATA AND INEQUALITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1913–1943","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Economic Inquiry","topic":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":23,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"The King's University","funders":"","keywords":"Economic inequality; Economics; State income tax; Income inequality metrics; Income distribution; Inequality; Income tax; Revenue; Enforcement; Distribution (mathematics); Demographic economics; Public economics; Tax reform; Finance; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00659141,0.0001068033,0.0001488129,0.00004222301,0.0004928028,0.0002308581,0.000823144,0.00007125606,0.0001858049],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002660463,0.00007071943,0.00002212925,0.0001147712,0.0003330829,0.00050438,0.0001867905,0.0001513619,0.0002148365],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002158737,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00015143,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01694626,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01649452,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980786,0.000782223,0.0003514138,0.0002835951,0.0002132262,0.0002909666],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984878,0.0004943471,0.0001538232,0.0007841452,0.00003330347,0.00004654255],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001091219,0.00008033412,0.7162675,0.00004683947,0.0000690881,0.000001600924,0.06738485,0.0003177695,0.000006049978,0.05520205,0.1557433,0.00477153],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009528359,0.00004863804,0.1598145,0.00002814979,0.00001631052,0.000001219221,0.01976835,0.005974471,0.000006662366,0.009792337,0.8032888,0.0003077425],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9835712,0.0001307258,0.00003255932,0.003243657,0.002219406,0.0004178184,0.00009062875,0.00002065852,0.0102733],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966143,0.0002389439,0.00003043711,0.001568824,0.0005502268,0.00001103216,0.0001804541,0.000007639835,0.0007981732],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6475455,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9896,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1910027435565111,"score_gpt":0.3728397494971005,"score_spread":0.1818370059405894,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}