{"id":"W2993516287","doi":"10.1093/neuros/nyz509","title":"Comparing Effects of Treatment: Controlling for Confounding","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Neurosurgery","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"SickKids Foundation; Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Confounding; Medicine; Propensity score matching; Sample size determination; Causal inference; Matching (statistics); Research design; Statistics; Surgery; Internal medicine; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.03347353,0.001197925,0.00499461,0.003866712,0.0003824208,0.001933243,0.002542346,0.002105683,0.004562509],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07549871,0.0004620395,0.005788945,0.003419771,0.002273029,0.00213494,0.001119312,0.002462433,0.0003637128],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002078968,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004391606,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00218352,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001995718,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9563119,0.03452531,0.003438496,0.001772006,0.003661943,0.0002903355],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8992532,0.09353507,0.004035802,0.00164409,0.001364477,0.0001673664],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005255472,0.00009396036,0.001445088,0.1437555,0.01025394,0.00008617814,0.0002574832,0.002357868,0.0002523126,0.03979765,0.003677636,0.7974967],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001956759,0.00215244,0.01812496,0.3305858,0.05163701,0.001560817,0.0007877662,0.006136674,0.003371105,0.265778,0.3176218,0.0002868776],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0006434995,0.9883946,0.007591108,0.001234365,0.0005773094,0.0001828478,0.0001064741,0.00001708388,0.001252691],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.02485697,0.9512796,0.02022782,0.001179741,0.0009862737,0.0009752653,0.0001467525,0.00002362675,0.000323936],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9665264,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1770271,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3940133581819556,"score_gpt":0.4749434415165736,"score_spread":0.08093008333461804,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}