{"id":"W2996071750","doi":"10.1089/elj.2018.0539","title":"Does Compulsory Voting Foster Civic Duty to Vote?","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Election Law Journal Rules Politics and Policy","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec","funders":"","keywords":"Duty; Voting; Turnout; Political science; Spoilt vote; Group voting ticket; Redistribution (election); Law; Law and economics; Economics; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005468988,0.0001275772,0.0001945959,0.0001486177,0.001164124,0.0003501676,0.0001047398,0.0001080354,0.00006127145],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001627903,0.00009094431,0.0000729574,0.0002136145,0.0001036459,0.0002345474,0.00003099057,0.000259732,0.0001185158],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002691493,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001690241,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0526475,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0242724,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982108,0.0002699251,0.000325837,0.0001625228,0.0003126249,0.0007183225],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988762,0.0001501352,0.0001102017,0.00008625173,0.000187245,0.0005900222],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000065411,0.00002124446,0.009257825,0.00001748797,0.00001563176,0.000001184466,0.001584291,0.0000106119,0.000289995,0.9867041,0.000536403,0.001554727],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006230563,0.0005685319,0.02582858,0.0001791336,0.00003915232,0.00006545277,0.0008895426,0.0002504626,0.0008789174,0.1551815,0.8149269,0.000568749],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.935347,0.00004531984,0.0001987036,0.02026466,0.0009908751,0.0002368702,0.000009382357,0.00004884952,0.04285829],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9887288,0.00001216307,0.0000754971,0.003349084,0.003279653,0.000003835586,0.000001652212,0.00001571809,0.004533551],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8315226,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9935321,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02235062587952181,"score_gpt":0.3407900690206743,"score_spread":0.3184394431411525,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}