{"id":"W2998128553","doi":"10.1111/ajfs.12278","title":"Insider Trading, Informativeness, and Price Efficiency Around the World","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies","topic":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":18,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Enforcement; Insider trading; Earnings; Insider; Business; Stock price; Alternative trading system; Stock (firearms); Monetary economics; Algorithmic trading; Accounting; Economics; Finance; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001061443,0.0002023878,0.0006217631,0.000255921,0.0002888772,0.0001188399,0.0002426395,0.00005622269,0.00005378318],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003415142,0.0001454905,0.000136568,0.0004405794,0.0002749435,0.0007226713,0.00007332674,0.0002974219,0.00005460534],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009224835,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007683023,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001697657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002098022,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984904,0.0000244187,0.0009107793,0.0001775993,0.00009397313,0.0003028193],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985631,0.0001865427,0.000911088,0.0001693604,0.0001187684,0.00005119355],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001111332,0.0001145324,0.1308612,0.000141798,0.0001838775,0.00001426187,0.007777374,0.00002913126,0.00002025756,0.8410404,0.01545167,0.004254313],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001088556,0.0005703382,0.3535893,0.0001951795,0.00002557368,0.00005702337,0.006302906,0.00009214583,0.00007720372,0.1089193,0.5286597,0.0004227542],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.825639,0.03083879,0.0001642801,0.001975497,0.00170742,0.0002844576,0.00001530317,0.00001162326,0.1393636],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949202,0.002980536,0.000132947,0.0002388621,0.000245795,0.000005924565,4.429158e-7,0.00001159281,0.001463706],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7321211,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5932931,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0303450477448292,"score_gpt":0.2365382371569295,"score_spread":0.2061931894121003,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}