{"id":"W2998524255","doi":"10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0032","title":"Rapid Rate Biological Filtration in Drinking Water Treatment","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"Encyclopedia of Water","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Biofilter; Turbidity; Environmental science; Filtration (mathematics); Substrate (aquarium); Water treatment; Biomass (ecology); Environmental engineering; Hydraulic retention time; Waste management; Pulp and paper industry; Sewage treatment; Engineering; Ecology; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009041327,0.0004670655,0.000257242,0.000637357,0.0002327432,0.0009941175,0.0005169873,0.0005033392,0.001943736],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005994925,0.0001841949,0.0003567599,0.000353289,0.0002576866,0.000704101,0.0006323788,0.0004361878,0.001156042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009098904,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004089557,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001576809,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001796408,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992324,0.0001497959,0.00002820946,0.00008239182,0.0004348268,0.00007236181],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997701,0.00006332491,0.00006169174,0.00001010286,0.00008052952,0.00001414019],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003189562,0.0003441319,0.002951393,0.001659766,0.00004095492,0.0002821845,0.00009547285,0.007781168,0.6786743,0.005239087,0.003228229,0.2993844],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008564921,0.002788554,0.01185562,0.0004798625,0.0001079225,0.001487945,0.0002512847,0.01629547,0.8508829,0.002941456,0.1127011,0.0001222653],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.6000669,0.1108884,0.2102247,0.002641488,0.001213117,0.0009881406,0.0004228243,0.0010949,0.07245966],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8741646,0.0414626,0.05934158,0.0005136285,0.0001978538,0.0002495879,0.0004187587,0.00007866704,0.02357257],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001943736,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006601751,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01265549932365909,"score_gpt":0.2121495121273618,"score_spread":0.1994940128037027,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}