{"id":"W2998825458","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20201034","title":"The Allocation of Decision Authority to Human and Artificial Intelligence","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AEA Papers and Proceedings","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":65,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Principal (computer security); Investment (military); Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Reliability (semiconductor); Operations research; Engineering; Computer security; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000431809,0.00006915985,0.0002065179,0.00003183337,0.00022571,0.0001101645,0.000110098,0.00005627554,0.00001708276],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001478777,0.00007248707,0.00002932877,0.0001051343,0.00009754609,0.000105842,0.00005644887,0.00005819642,0.00002088948],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000147265,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004512828,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001872244,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000466834,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99915,0.000001871901,0.0004387628,0.0002591472,0.00002355398,0.0001266302],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995967,0.00003988477,0.0001722812,0.00005075962,0.00003079535,0.0001095628],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003264288,0.000008174593,0.01707613,0.00002842912,0.00001262309,1.245003e-7,0.002679543,0.000001900384,0.0007956387,0.9553223,0.0002993916,0.02374316],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002967071,0.0008312708,0.06349715,0.00007812582,0.00001893585,0.000005706797,0.004196714,0.003261534,0.002945259,0.8363877,0.08784642,0.0006344928],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9722889,0.0006112334,0.0004236743,0.003652456,0.000154886,0.0002281999,0.0000127206,0.00001541341,0.02261252],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990429,0.000311945,0.0001613831,0.0002818185,0.0001572842,0.000008148999,8.77562e-7,0.000007998212,0.000027608],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1189345,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2955937,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04988189374101219,"score_gpt":0.2453172870928158,"score_spread":0.1954353933518036,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}