{"id":"W3007697265","doi":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114506","title":"Copper mining: 100% solar electricity by 2030?","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Energy","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":51,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University; University of British Columbia; University of Waterloo","funders":"Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Renewable energy; Photovoltaic system; Environmental science; Electricity; Greenhouse gas; Electricity generation; Solar energy; Work (physics); Concentrated solar power; Engineering; Natural resource economics; Environmental engineering; Environmental economics; Power (physics); Economics; Electrical engineering; Mechanical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0000194798,0.0001046893,0.0001063762,0.00002251839,0.00004475843,0.00002855544,0.00008255497,0.0000713676,0.00024637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000006743229,0.0001117158,0.00002190613,0.000203165,0.00000917039,0.00006397127,0.000008071875,0.00008135336,0.0001177019],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001594549,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000119002,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006629777,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004914672,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999472,0.000004075922,0.0001311312,0.0001361857,0.0001015041,0.0001551369],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997734,0.00002222099,0.00001761489,0.00007084923,0.00001467774,0.0001012472],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001324081,0.00002222244,0.00001167109,0.00002137378,0.00003328834,0.000001506349,0.0002146592,0.01328742,0.2115245,0.007408249,0.759477,0.007984935],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001369068,0.00001407346,0.000004783804,7.17272e-7,0.000004913914,8.691759e-7,0.00003600799,0.01090813,0.218502,0.00006836675,0.770194,0.0001291913],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03517151,0.001443266,0.1416182,0.001143012,0.0002840967,0.0001011193,0.00001192861,0.001909228,0.8183177],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9964855,0.0001638278,0.0002521581,0.001921574,0.0001053497,0.00002138182,0.00003262643,0.00002564548,0.0009918951],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.961314,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4555638,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01252493192142629,"score_gpt":0.2104255288497683,"score_spread":0.197900596928342,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}