{"id":"W3008177558","doi":"10.1007/s00586-020-06343-5","title":"Initial classification of low back and leg pain based on objective functional testing: a pilot study of machine learning applied to diagnostics","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"European Spine Journal","topic":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Low back pain; Physical therapy; Spondylolisthesis; Lumbar spinal stenosis; Gold standard (test); Sciatica; Spinal stenosis; Back pain; Machine learning; Lumbar; Etiology; Radiology; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001160245,0.0002757529,0.0008852636,0.0003188354,0.00006388562,0.00003888016,0.0001508446,0.00002527001,0.00007005439],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002186893,0.0002268151,0.00009725228,0.0005270538,0.00003101243,0.00002209144,0.00004354665,0.0009949302,0.00002689518],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005083552,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006406927,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002127499,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":6.692895e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978136,0.0006535064,0.0007917681,0.0002199902,0.0003773415,0.000143838],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987719,0.0004080109,0.0003727768,0.0001331998,0.0001045409,0.0002095889],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000144552,0.0004197892,0.0001547125,0.003489005,0.0003642513,0.00007154056,0.0001239579,0.01743115,0.00009325586,0.000002835859,0.0008673425,0.9769677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006712857,0.0192498,0.01820998,0.05506873,0.005688323,0.0002106021,0.0007446136,0.4462209,0.00001692371,0.000007512195,0.4454354,0.002434367],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001311451,0.7453227,0.2316935,0.0001212649,0.0007116958,0.001731665,0.00008179499,0.0002844537,0.0187415],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2964906,0.6938778,0.005645937,0.0002077314,0.002982314,0.00002913098,0.0001963493,0.0004446309,0.0001255312],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9745333,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9249253,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08164459548973246,"score_gpt":0.2872345538697023,"score_spread":0.2055899583799699,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}