{"id":"W3009124718","doi":"10.1145/3372161","title":"Evidence that computer science grades are not bimodal","year":2019,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Communications of the ACM","topic":"Teaching and Learning Programming","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; McGill University","funders":"","keywords":"Categorization; Psychology; Mathematics education; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["open_science"],"consensus_categories":["open_science"],"category_scores_codex":[0.001176,0.00007941161,0.0001134264,0.00009405398,0.0005356036,0.0001927576,0.06324466,0.00002645663,0.00000163694],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00352046,0.00005751613,0.00007467032,0.0006415939,0.0004995688,0.0005723945,0.03567291,0.0003229967,0.00004866947],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003682665,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009525102,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006639997,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004687964,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988651,0.0002249985,0.000146373,0.0002359457,0.0003429138,0.0001846307],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.967702,0.0006568169,0.0002814094,0.03121346,0.0001075189,0.00003879834],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007863282,0.0003274961,0.4264861,0.00007658741,0.00003770324,4.336565e-7,0.009857555,0.001987109,0.00555656,0.09180029,0.002373124,0.4614892],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003521479,0.0001297776,0.8711304,0.001428605,0.00002121516,0.00002940001,0.0003025512,0.07835741,0.005532931,0.01239166,0.02985574,0.0004681376],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7174407,0.002295282,0.0779293,0.1997519,0.001180594,0.000574078,0.000001842746,0.0004532306,0.0003730792],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6558054,0.0000268095,0.3439276,0.0001713372,0.000008050863,0.000004011667,1.506e-7,0.000003180886,0.00005342448],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4610211,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9721264,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1354539951158094,"score_gpt":0.3293536276572384,"score_spread":0.193899632541429,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}