{"id":"W3012289806","doi":"10.1080/08923647.2020.1696140","title":"Student Engagement Level in an e-Learning Environment: Clustering Using K-means","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Journal of Distance Education","topic":"Online Learning and Analytics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":185,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Cluster analysis; Metric (unit); Computer science; Event (particle physics); Silhouette; k-means clustering; Student engagement; Cluster (spacecraft); Cluster grouping; Mathematics education; Machine learning; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003240171,0.00008349332,0.0001616688,0.00008534914,0.00006901465,0.00009224808,0.0003980732,0.000009749043,0.000005399571],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004273134,0.00008377048,0.00003879493,0.0002945188,0.00003610498,0.0004144866,0.00005665669,0.0003175573,0.000002910117],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001528241,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001725581,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000141262,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004383188,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989386,0.0001898307,0.0003140899,0.000157256,0.0002617571,0.0001384957],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999235,0.00002926668,0.0004436128,0.0001205483,0.00004502963,0.0001265618],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002402831,0.0005527147,0.1719819,0.00002127063,0.00002974351,0.00001679126,0.03276981,0.4071369,0.001837942,0.001052777,0.00001985524,0.3845563],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0006147294,0.001711775,0.1363108,0.0002589542,0.00004013754,0.0000322521,0.04650724,0.8069188,0.0001166232,0.0002738724,0.006753929,0.0004609127],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4809823,0.00005668923,0.5163318,0.002479805,0.00009547669,0.00002349363,2.156146e-7,0.000007010604,0.0000232372],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9025798,0.00003400538,0.09690965,0.0002676414,0.0001859869,6.099698e-7,8.257331e-7,0.000007169039,0.00001434311],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.4215975,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3416061,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04213580912675009,"score_gpt":0.3276216278950806,"score_spread":0.2854858187683306,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}