{"id":"W3012666521","doi":"10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113397","title":"A white-box analysis on the writer-independent dichotomy transformation applied to offline handwritten signature verification","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Expert Systems with Applications","topic":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"École de Technologie Supérieure; Université du Québec à Montréal","funders":"Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico; École de technologie supérieure","keywords":"Computer science; Signature (topology); Context (archaeology); Transformation (genetics); Artificial intelligence; Class (philosophy); Scalability; Machine learning; Natural language processing; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003337456,0.0002700328,0.0003350509,0.0002941524,0.000358151,0.0004262231,0.001147295,0.0001295868,0.00003417915],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001264747,0.0001853161,0.0001118953,0.00286515,0.00003605698,0.0002841978,0.0000563402,0.0002658895,0.0002577118],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00009057776,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005335382,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003055392,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001373741,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9977612,0.0001086383,0.0005019067,0.0007001727,0.0006529345,0.0002751395],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998107,0.0001078114,0.0002045266,0.001071033,0.0002488689,0.0002607748],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000501815,0.001482166,0.0007200657,0.0003520258,0.002382898,0.0000147879,0.08115123,0.01039519,0.07575333,0.6717818,0.05417189,0.1012928],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003203424,0.001372536,0.004324157,0.000346736,0.0006299639,0.0000522741,0.007178843,0.2215876,0.1161488,0.001142259,0.6406731,0.003340285],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005305057,0.00007739975,0.9719253,0.01893446,0.00002563529,0.003446935,0.00003634104,0.0006820606,0.004341336],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.96899,0.00001414859,0.01574017,0.004153559,0.0001819576,0.01069124,0.0001179762,0.00002452111,0.00008644308],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9684595,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7556972,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01637970290354297,"score_gpt":0.2434196461374542,"score_spread":0.2270399432339112,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}