{"id":"W3014098897","doi":"10.1007/s11663-020-01824-w","title":"Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in a Gas-Stirred Ladle Using a Particle-Free Surface Coupled Model","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B","topic":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Ladle; Free surface; Mechanics; Flow (mathematics); Eulerian path; Range (aeronautics); Bubble; Particle (ecology); Materials science; Fluid dynamics; Volumetric flow rate; Thermodynamics; Physics; Metallurgy; Geology; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002556515,0.0004869384,0.001152354,0.000435772,0.001021983,0.0011652,0.001060394,0.002543352,0.002345076],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008660586,0.0004476038,0.0008082353,0.0004875043,0.001234614,0.0007475548,0.001024245,0.0008413911,0.0002637735],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001083039,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001489417,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02293563,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007372784,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998266,0.0000420712,0.000008887548,0.00003543792,0.00004504775,0.00004197562],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995571,0.0002355178,0.00004806595,0.00002512405,0.00005648627,0.00007770405],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007167525,0.00004885502,0.0005230212,0.00001796923,0.00001245214,0.00007935445,0.00002873836,0.9949465,0.002197716,0.001263074,0.00007621333,0.0007344598],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001185963,0.00001432256,0.00008347835,8.100557e-7,0.000001928865,0.000002618001,0.000005336511,0.9995427,0.0002119827,0.0000802143,0.00004200114,0.000002712533],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8579079,0.0003048072,0.1152256,0.0006967564,0.0001514769,0.0001298423,0.0003836799,0.0005907911,0.02460911],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.988577,0.0000826808,0.007003895,0.00006268782,0.00001665864,0.00006894701,0.0001317651,0.00003459258,0.004021801],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02293563,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04560423,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03023941984137767,"score_gpt":0.2312378242583601,"score_spread":0.2009984044169824,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}