{"id":"W3015283461","doi":"10.1002/cssc.202000541","title":"Synchrotron X‐ray Radiography and Tomography of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries—Cell Design, Electrolyte Flow Geometry, and Gas Bubble Formation","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ChemSusChem","topic":"Advanced battery technologies research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":47,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; National Research Council Canada; Western Economic Diversification Canada; Canadian Light Source; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Chinesisch-Deutsche Zentrum für Wissenschaftsförderung; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Canada Research Chairs; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; China Scholarship Council; Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology; University of Saskatchewan","keywords":"Electrolyte; Vanadium; Synchrotron; Redox; Materials science; Saturation (graph theory); Bubble; Hydrogen; Analytical Chemistry (journal); Chemical engineering; Electrode; Chemistry; Nanotechnology; Mechanics; Optics; Chromatography; Metallurgy; Physical chemistry; Physics; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000126579,0.0002553339,0.0003346445,0.0003673942,0.00006476577,0.00004345003,0.0002238632,0.0001627752,0.00003175936],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005407095,0.0002704255,0.00007093419,0.0009761364,0.0001697672,0.0003546793,0.0001006068,0.0003392391,0.000004229896],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003908792,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001064736,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003495492,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001566995,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986956,0.00001844692,0.0002934482,0.0002975,0.0002142922,0.0004807263],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993509,0.00008310276,0.00005582392,0.0002827548,0.00005797656,0.0001694238],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006600601,0.00001700537,0.0007309916,0.0008205862,0.0000725529,0.000008837577,0.0002418487,0.003760184,0.9696541,0.000006840436,0.003800972,0.02082006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005426821,0.0002181366,0.0002056747,0.00002664128,0.00001917061,0.000009358611,0.00008854669,0.09654872,0.8994535,0.0001636354,0.002468852,0.0002550868],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8035578,0.005092258,0.1892464,0.000585299,0.00004946895,0.0004901956,0.00002358462,0.000564684,0.0003903054],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9569155,0.001388489,0.04145824,0.00005792306,0.00004274465,0.00005444243,0.00002351906,0.00005065955,0.000008508467],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1533577,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999748,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0101989880801003,"score_gpt":0.1996049467240363,"score_spread":0.189405958643936,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}