{"id":"W3017828098","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2020.101094","title":"Bubble Formation in the Electrolyte Triggers Voltage Instability in CO2 Electrolyzers","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"iScience","topic":"CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts","field":"Energy","cited_by":60,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Energy Training; McMaster University; University of Toronto","funders":"Western Economic Diversification Canada; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs; National Research Council Canada; Canada Foundation for Innovation; University of Saskatchewan","keywords":"Electrolyte; Bubble; Electrochemistry; Electrode; Instability; Chemical engineering; Voltage; Materials science; Chemistry; Liquid bubble; Nanotechnology; Mechanics; Electrical engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001250496,0.0001910737,0.0001878141,0.0001683433,0.0001488301,0.0004079735,0.0002875871,0.0003707326,0.0008604918],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005090888,0.0001378472,0.0001155376,0.0001226464,0.0003022446,0.000447828,0.0003067012,0.0004943181,0.0001570596],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002372201,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001172963,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005945712,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007752518,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997988,0.00001467567,0.00001288029,0.00005365661,0.00008164439,0.00003836407],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997965,0.00007297094,0.00004863973,0.00001254939,0.00004839847,0.00002102513],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000534905,0.00001240644,0.0003722735,0.00003926151,0.000004050122,0.0001222353,0.00004624492,0.00008857842,0.9976071,0.000153368,0.00006210093,0.001438833],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003898477,0.00006813485,0.001995167,0.000003002497,0.00000352781,0.00009910234,0.00004572578,0.002225036,0.9947924,0.00008888468,0.0006707222,0.000004350717],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.990979,0.0008947464,0.006217972,0.0001514545,0.00005051096,0.00002752914,0.0001284836,0.0001241166,0.001426171],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982127,0.0001830785,0.001045521,0.00003191891,0.000006767819,0.00001048794,0.00006799567,0.00001128571,0.0004301695],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0008604918,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002878606,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01549894935821517,"score_gpt":0.2472152508528939,"score_spread":0.2317163014946788,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}