{"id":"W3022933926","doi":"10.3386/w23660","title":"School Starting Age and Cognitive Development","year":2017,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"National Bureau of Economic Research","topic":"Early Childhood Education and Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"National Institutes of Health; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; U.S. Department of Education","keywords":"Grade retention; Demography; Regression discontinuity design; Ethnic group; Educational attainment; Population; Cognitive development; Psychology; Poverty; Academic achievement; Developmental psychology; Cognition; Medicine; Political science; Sociology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001244604,0.0003021666,0.0002400473,0.002123948,0.0005503375,0.0008631344,0.0007634705,0.0004905381,0.005483514],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01021172,0.0001789322,0.0007920005,0.001408443,0.0002756019,0.0004573199,0.0008403378,0.0006280006,0.0003981178],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006452232,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006129033,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03066484,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04653334,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993748,0.000134746,0.00004812736,0.0001446863,0.0001144083,0.0001832348],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9811965,0.005199322,0.009849333,0.0007415382,0.0009367695,0.002076484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005694358,0.00004883387,0.9976942,0.000009219504,0.00005305413,0.00003392149,0.00006033974,0.00007050778,0.0000407362,0.00006855853,0.0001019256,0.001761865],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001677851,0.00004503973,0.9995896,0.000006334316,0.00001686214,0.00002235984,0.00003435761,0.00008205149,0.00003064348,0.00002136782,0.0001482485,0.000001505548],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9959721,0.0004863251,0.0001718514,0.0001470938,0.000008405736,0.000006803331,0.001483741,0.00002171219,0.001701995],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.998311,0.0001252151,0.000146684,0.00002107062,0.000006428915,0.000007466132,0.0009197449,0.000003466135,0.000458938],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03066484,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06097269,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3851262651872654,"score_gpt":0.5551548462129667,"score_spread":0.1700285810257013,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}