{"id":"W3024232241","doi":"10.1111/caje.12433","title":"The incidence of income taxes on high earners in Canada","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique","topic":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Liberian dollar; Economics; Labour economics; Personal income; Wages and salaries; Personal income tax; Income tax; Distribution (mathematics); Value (mathematics); Demographic economics; Economic inequality; Income distribution; Inequality; Gross income; State income tax; Public economics; Tax reform; Macroeconomics; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000723719,0.0001719566,0.00041452,0.002145212,0.003754375,0.002980005,0.001045026,0.0006695999,0.005683487],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005757647,0.0002148941,0.0002856173,0.003687909,0.001562446,0.000445735,0.001304005,0.001407814,0.0002215431],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.05119364,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.03641061,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9910966,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9940896,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997783,0.00009407636,0.00004629495,0.0001079206,0.0008206868,0.001148009],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99313,0.0006159493,0.00144682,0.0002123991,0.002489857,0.002104902],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003226889,0.0001129612,0.9494309,0.00003987667,0.0000721482,0.0006300532,0.003108101,0.001190472,0.0005157003,0.01059481,0.01114922,0.02283304],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001623334,0.00003044018,0.9785255,0.00004288364,0.00002434107,0.0001906276,0.007281227,0.001704791,0.0005102828,0.0006578423,0.01096981,0.00004608581],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.982625,0.0003373831,0.00006703501,0.001506599,0.00002047402,0.00001976751,0.001578814,0.00001522296,0.0138296],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9972868,0.0001614969,0.00002556802,0.0000812888,0.000004204583,0.000001647776,0.0003289293,0.00000285911,0.002107269],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05119364,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3714376,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1018969355712047,"score_gpt":0.1634353567528895,"score_spread":0.06153842118168482,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}