{"id":"W3025705089","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20201006","title":"Artificial Intelligence in Health Care? Evidence from Online Job Postings","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AEA Papers and Proceedings","topic":"COVID-19 and healthcare impacts","field":"Medicine","cited_by":56,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Salary; Health care; Psychology; Business; Data science; Internet privacy; Public relations; Medical education; Computer science; Medicine; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001855016,0.0001624473,0.0003530035,0.00006988046,0.00009221756,0.0000416775,0.00008607082,0.00009179704,0.00006574748],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001143094,0.0001439193,0.00004129542,0.0003513682,0.00005884283,0.0001416647,0.00005778777,0.0003547544,0.00001114606],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001230528,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000367569,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004673369,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005143526,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985655,0.000009174978,0.0004227369,0.0004196467,0.0002378096,0.000345127],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990438,0.0001476632,0.0001033978,0.00006202897,0.0001113081,0.0005318464],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001289131,0.00007775635,0.4029555,0.002709634,0.00002470017,0.00006010374,0.09644116,0.000001930205,0.02372587,0.0005660412,0.00105981,0.4710884],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000677805,0.004172552,0.9354507,0.005005594,0.00007457308,0.00004877763,0.02896335,0.001654088,0.003544857,0.0007022655,0.0190527,0.0006527127],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8632967,0.003933765,0.00001523486,0.1319848,0.00004908897,0.00034577,0.00001571746,0.00006441423,0.0002944678],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9654925,0.001633082,0.001191592,0.0312529,0.0003793596,0.000005105302,0.00001263909,0.00001746656,0.00001530288],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5324953,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7064767,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1154391351107157,"score_gpt":0.3895255671346665,"score_spread":0.2740864320239508,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}