{"id":"W3032017599","doi":"10.1007/s00264-020-04609-7","title":"Deep learning COVID-19 detection bias: accuracy through artificial intelligence","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Orthopaedics","topic":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","field":"Medicine","cited_by":192,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Medicine; Artificial intelligence; Coronavirus Infections; Deep learning; Orthopedic surgery; Machine learning; Virology; Surgery; Computer science; Internal medicine; Infectious disease (medical specialty)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004510407,0.001200582,0.001101061,0.001874618,0.0007099508,0.002507446,0.00189152,0.002555143,0.003622018],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02358738,0.0004267063,0.0007391199,0.0008944921,0.000577588,0.001812124,0.001687461,0.002611633,0.002168878],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009585278,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001574764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007018638,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007934391,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976853,0.0005199043,0.0002161246,0.0007322615,0.0005337264,0.0003126527],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9909871,0.005859545,0.000599856,0.0006961318,0.001540199,0.0003170904],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001288878,0.0005785016,0.1505143,0.0003752895,0.0003767741,0.0003232135,0.0001753388,0.0546639,0.009538861,0.005204913,0.04626638,0.7306937],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004689635,0.0001525108,0.008625128,0.0001057182,0.0001102633,0.0002672103,0.00008790635,0.9677635,0.007543586,0.01121053,0.004058363,0.00002843157],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4661907,0.008537379,0.4782952,0.01130295,0.002470466,0.00028075,0.003452645,0.007311201,0.02215881],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9385092,0.0004804096,0.05276406,0.001093681,0.0004133123,0.00004562056,0.002163852,0.0001635977,0.004366267],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.007018638,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0238536,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1324240516387547,"score_gpt":0.3865001703369287,"score_spread":0.254076118698174,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}