{"id":"W3035225326","doi":"10.1103/physreva.103.053703","title":"Gauge principle and gauge invariance in two-level systems","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Physical review. A/Physical review, A","topic":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":43,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"Army Research Office; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology; Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Foundational Questions Institute; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Physics; Lattice gauge theory; Introduction to gauge theory; Quantum gauge theory; Quantum mechanics; Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory; Gauge theory; Theoretical physics; Gauge fixing; Gauge anomaly; Quantum electrodynamics; Gauge boson","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001420812,0.0003387714,0.0006339593,0.0006873944,0.000877184,0.001625973,0.001277092,0.001583827,0.002425216],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00125353,0.0002397321,0.0006576311,0.0006973679,0.0048016,0.002545163,0.001199227,0.002096139,0.0005747845],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001195289,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001097411,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00122605,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004404713,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992624,0.0002265585,0.00002879011,0.0001044147,0.0002760193,0.0001017564],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995351,0.0001931511,0.00005297566,0.0001221697,0.00006403335,0.00003266612],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001687488,0.000003419216,0.00001402197,0.00002107136,0.000002239173,0.00001808411,0.00003163345,0.0005785488,0.000389292,0.9968905,0.0002812259,0.001768376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007526462,0.00001223132,0.00006752506,0.00001345155,0.000001818556,0.00004497148,0.0000145561,0.004001552,0.0003138906,0.9879231,0.007592017,0.000007355092],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.142058,0.06381024,0.4801452,0.01678048,0.001932202,0.000184344,0.0004182137,0.0006373042,0.294034],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9144404,0.01958536,0.04987086,0.001824054,0.001221348,0.0003004221,0.0001670612,0.0001058462,0.01248464],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002425216,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008672535,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0299414819051521,"score_gpt":0.3754027120211527,"score_spread":0.3454612301160006,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}