{"id":"W3035797500","doi":"10.24908/pceea.vi0.14156","title":"The Nature of a Problem, Problem Diagnosis, and Engineering Design","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA)","topic":"Design Education and Practice","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Dalhousie University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Engineering design process; Computer science; Domain (mathematical analysis); Field (mathematics); Identification (biology); Process (computing); Cognition; Task (project management); Science and engineering; Cognitive ergonomics; Management science; Artificial intelligence; Systems engineering; Engineering ethics; Engineering; Psychology; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00770118,0.0005452704,0.0005810864,0.003065536,0.001849597,0.009112302,0.001540274,0.003085461,0.003491093],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0239444,0.0005496028,0.0006471126,0.001511509,0.02672719,0.01156804,0.004088019,0.00369124,0.000470316],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003432033,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.005470356,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003194625,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002452999,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9885752,0.006712201,0.0007460394,0.001201956,0.002319416,0.0004451662],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9678357,0.02655844,0.001768675,0.001630303,0.001303126,0.0009035865],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005217025,0.0001455344,0.006628252,0.000461284,0.00002341233,0.0003452058,0.007153667,0.0046131,0.0007783243,0.8883639,0.001886726,0.08954833],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002563559,0.00009375338,0.002234361,0.0003551069,0.00002093623,0.0009899351,0.00604403,0.01267846,0.0008300866,0.9284742,0.04820864,0.00004486011],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0837623,0.01132132,0.6784874,0.04023504,0.0005996455,0.0004221436,0.00008237742,0.0003103899,0.1847794],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7293331,0.003457122,0.2567555,0.001674807,0.0001600822,0.0002485092,0.00009871009,0.00006408558,0.008208037],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009112302,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04072821,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007764714971483122,"score_gpt":0.197824066409789,"score_spread":0.1900593514383059,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}