{"id":"W3036570846","doi":"10.3390/cleantechnol2020014","title":"Critical Review on Efficiency of Ground Heat Exchangers in Heat Pump Systems","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Clean Technologies","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research; Canadian Bureau for International Education","keywords":"Heat pump; Heat pipe; Borehole; Heat exchanger; Heat transfer; Environmental science; Plate heat exchanger; Grout; Thermal energy storage; Thermal; Copper in heat exchangers; Air source heat pumps; Nuclear engineering; Materials science; Plate fin heat exchanger; Mechanical engineering; Mechanics; Geotechnical engineering; Engineering; Thermodynamics; Composite material","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001275674,0.0001517074,0.000383586,0.0000889266,0.00004500484,0.00001605943,0.0003792552,0.0001456735,0.00002807912],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004676808,0.000125645,0.00006200517,0.0006790522,0.0002024381,0.00005098792,0.00008671255,0.0001747369,0.00007715954],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000405151,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001354741,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001723704,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005557413,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988571,0.00004285311,0.0003856567,0.0003028825,0.000162824,0.000248716],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999341,0.0001008313,0.00003664595,0.0004286886,0.00005453428,0.00003831328],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003400689,0.0003669096,0.0002309969,0.006308111,0.00003789885,0.00004338997,0.0004125353,0.02358946,0.01318203,0.8921437,0.002338859,0.06131215],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003947207,0.004831792,0.003352283,0.03676198,0.0002807357,0.000135626,0.06948847,0.07152271,0.1528984,0.008447265,0.6439868,0.004346791],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8310853,0.07226367,0.0008168459,0.05153921,0.000475327,0.001690048,0.00004479387,0.003614949,0.03846982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9975836,0.001787834,0.00003552792,0.0003477563,0.0000291959,0.0001440293,0.00000377659,0.00001995385,0.0000483048],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8836964,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5123656,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04130146144691966,"score_gpt":0.2712373954024901,"score_spread":0.2299359339555705,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}