{"id":"W3043846125","doi":"10.3390/e22070793","title":"Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective","year":2020,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Entropy","topic":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":20,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Aachener Graduiertenschule für Computergestützte Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften; RWTH Aachen University","keywords":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics; Second law of thermodynamics; Thermodynamics; Extended irreversible thermodynamics; Laws of thermodynamics; Entropy (arrow of time); Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory; Carnot cycle; Physics; Statistical physics; Fundamental thermodynamic relation; Maximum entropy thermodynamics; Thermodynamic equilibrium; Thermodynamic equations; On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances; First law of thermodynamics; Joint quantum entropy; Quantum mechanics; Quantum","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001328966,0.0005138485,0.0006150755,0.001647125,0.0008639938,0.002323491,0.0008351376,0.00121509,0.002729606],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001989008,0.0002767979,0.0006354317,0.0006238257,0.006158523,0.005838408,0.001314683,0.00233343,0.0005078793],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002367457,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001083921,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001362557,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001238059,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992255,0.0002465848,0.00002983174,0.0001262641,0.0002928289,0.00007903317],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987765,0.0007243223,0.00009872777,0.0001429999,0.0001799851,0.00007740228],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001654814,0.000001919458,0.00003424378,0.00001275879,0.000001880327,0.00001287972,0.00002258738,0.0003917603,0.0001095307,0.9978068,0.0003065268,0.001297449],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001184557,0.00000449105,0.00007881659,0.00001425672,0.000001314365,0.00002913773,0.0000116631,0.001819442,0.0001276263,0.9884338,0.009473474,0.000004943978],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0592362,0.1336579,0.392599,0.02952366,0.003912293,0.0000515912,0.0003470145,0.0002381712,0.3804342],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8751629,0.03046975,0.04496931,0.003795891,0.005821701,0.0001051765,0.0001507072,0.0001496253,0.03937501],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002729606,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01717716,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005895141573822482,"score_gpt":0.2236071115994651,"score_spread":0.2177119700256426,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}